For example, the digraph ee almost always represents /i/ ( feed), but in many varieties of English the same sound can also be represented by a single e ( be), the letter y ( fifty), by i ( graffiti) or the digraphs ie ( field), ei ( deceit), ea ( feat), ey ( key), eo ( people), oe ( amoeba), ae ( aeon), is ( debris), it ( esprit), ui ( mosquito) or these letter patterns: ee-e ( cheese), ea-e ( leave), i-e ( ravine), e-e ( grebe), ea-ue ( league), ei-e ( deceive), ie-e ( believe), i-ue ( antique), eip ( receipt). Spelling patterns usually follow certain conventions but nearly every sound can be legitimately spelled with different letters or letter combinations. Korean was formerly written partially with Chinese characters, but is now written in the fully alphabetic Hangul system, in which the letters are not written linearly, but arranged in syllabic blocks which resemble Chinese characters.Įnglish orthography is based on the alphabetic principle, but the acquisition of sounds and spellings from a variety of languages and differential sound change within English have left Modern English spelling patterns confusing. The alphabetic principle does not underlie logographic writing systems like Chinese or syllabic writing systems such as Japanese kana. The alphabetic principle is closely tied to phonics, as it is the systematic relationship between spoken words and their visual representation (letters).
On the other hand, French and English have a strong difference between sounds and symbols. Ancient languages with such almost perfectly phonemic writing systems include Avestic, Latin, Vedic, and Sanskrit ( Devanāgarī-an abugida see Vyakarana). The best cases have a straightforward spelling system, enabling a writer to predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation and similarly enabling a reader to predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. Such systems are used, for example, in the modern languages Serbo-Croatian (arguably, an example of perfect phonemic orthography), Macedonian, Estonian, Finnish, Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Georgian, Hungarian, Turkish, and Esperanto. Īlphabetic writing systems that use an (in principle) almost perfectly phonemic orthography have a single letter (or digraph or, occasionally, trigraph) for each individual phoneme and a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and the letters that represent them, although predictable allophonic alternation is normally not shown. In the education field, it is known as the alphabetic code. The alphabetic principle is the foundation of any alphabetic writing system (such as the English variety of the Roman alphabet, one of the more common types of writing systems in use today).
That some children have particular difficulty in developing phonological awareness (and in learning to read) is apparently to be attributed to a general deficiency in the phonological component of their natural capacity for language. Not surprisingly, then, awareness of phonological structures is normally lacking in preliterate children and adults the degree to which it does exist is the best single predictor of success in learning to read lack of awareness usually yields to appropriate instruction and such instruction makes for better readers. Unfortunately for the would-be reader-writer, such awareness is not an automatic consequence of speaking a language, because the biological specialization for speech manages the production and perception of these structures below the level of consciousness. Proper application of the alphabetic principle rests on an awareness of the internal phonological (and morphophonological) structure of words that the alphabet represents.
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